Theories of motivation

By
Muhammad Attaullah

Key
words; Key Challenges in
Secondary Education in Pakistan, Pr-conditions
for Success of Literacy Programmes, statistics’ of education in Pakistan

Secondary Education in the Light of Education Policy 2009

“Secondary
education (IX – XII) is an important sub-sector of the entire educational
system. On the one hand, it provides the middle level workforce for the economy
and on other, it acts as a feeder for the higher levels of education, which is
expected to produce quality professionals in different fields, hinges on the
quality of secondary education.  This
level of education, therefore, needs to be revamped in such a way that it
prepares young men and women for the pursuit of higher education as well as
prepare them to adjust to their practical lives meaningfully and productively.”

(National
Education Policy 1998-2010 p-37) 

Importance of Secondary Education:

Its importance is very clear
from the constitution. It is obligatory on state to provide free &
compulsory secondary education to the people of Pakistan.

Constitution of Pakistan
1973 says,

State shall be responsible
for:

“…eradication of illiteracy
and provision of free and compulsory education up to secondary
level, within minimum possible time”

(Article 37-B, 1973
Constitution of Pakistan)

According to this article
it is our constitutional right and govt. is duty bound to provide free and
compulsory education up to secondary level. There is no question of ignoring
it. Ignoring it would rather mean to violate this article of constitution. 

The
stage of secondary education is a very crucial where the student enters
adolescence, the period of stress and strain. This period needs careful
handling of the stuff available to us. We have sufficient time mould them
properly & train them positively. This is the stage where they can easily
be derailed by any unwanted forces. It is very essential to retain them in
schools for better future. How to encourage them and provide such an education
which would be fruitful for them after completing this stage? This requires
careful planning & educational policy based on real ground situation close
to our own social requirements and job market which would also need
implementation in the real sense.

Objectives:

1.    To
understand the provision for secondary education in the new proposed draft of
education policy 2009.

2.    Highlight
the issues in secondary education.

3.    Share
the information regarding current status of this stage.

4.    Suggest
measures to overcome these problems.

Secondary Education
according to New Proposed Education Policy 2009:

“The secondary and higher secondary school system
prepares young people for life. It has two important roles in this respect – providing
skills to the labour market, as many students leave formal schooling at
this time; and providing input to the tertiary system, for those
who go on to this level of learning. The policy question is, does the system
provide an adequate base for both these functions. Quite apart from the quality
of instruction at this level, a central question that Pakistan education policy
makers must confront is whether the level of skill development and preparation
that can be achieved by twelve years of school education is sufficient as a
terminal qualification.

The system as it exists has shortcomings in two main
respects: it has a narrow base that leaves a large number of young people
outside the system and the quality of skills it produces is not well
matched with the needs of the labour market. The policy actions
needed to address these concerns include several that have been outlined in
section 5.2 of education policy dealing with elementary education. The
additional reform initiatives described below are specifically meant for
secondary and upper secondary education.

Access and participation rates at this level of
schooling in Pakistan are low in comparison to reference countries. Pakistan’s
national average ratio of secondary to primary school is 1:6 but, in certain
parts of the country, it reaches the high figure of 1:13. There is a clear need
for expanding the provision. At the same time, efforts have to be made to cut
the high dropout rates and induce more out of school youths back to the school
system, particularly the girls whose participation is still very low.

Policy
Actions:

1. Provision shall be expanded, particularly in the
rural areas and of schools dedicated for girls. Priority shall be given to
those locations where the ratio of secondary schools is
low.

2. Student support shall be increased to prevent
students from dropping out of school for financial
reasons.

3. Schools shall introduce more students’ centered
pedagogies.

4. Counseling facilities shall be made available to
students from the elementary level onwards in order to constructively utilize
their energy, to deal with any displays of aggression amongst young students
and to address any other psychological distress that a student may be in, by
suggesting a suitable remedy.

5. Counseling at higher secondary level must also
address the career concerns of young students and encourage them to take up
studies as per their aptitude other than the “accepted” fields of study, be it
technical, vocational or any other area of
study

6. Schooling shall also be made more attractive by
adding community service programmes.

7. Grade 11 and 12 shall not be part of the college
level and shall be merged into the school level forming part of school
education.

8. A system for ranking of primary and secondary
educational institutions across the country shall be introduced with rankings
based on result outcomes, extracurricular activities and facilities provided to
the students, in order to encourage healthy
competition between schools.

9. to create an order for excellence in the country, a
“National Merit Programme” shall be introduced to award bright students.”

(Draft
of New Education Policy 2009)

An Analysis:

Secondary
Education performs two functions:

1. Provides Input to
   tertiary education


2. Provides skills to
   labour markets

Does
it provide adequate base for both of these functions? Can it be called as
skilled terminal stage?

Our
system has a narrow base which leaves most of our youngsters outside this
system. Secondly it does not provide skills matched to labour market.

This
is the need of the hour to address these two issues in our education policy at
this stage.

Ratio
of secondary education to primary education is 1:6 and in some areas 1:13 and
is very low in case of girls education.

We
have to minimise this gap, stop dropout and increase enrolment.

Policy Actions:

1.    Priority
would be given to the areas having low ratio in secondary education especially
for girls. The questions arise how would we get positive results? What would be
the mode & source of motivation? This needs elaboration.

2.    Increasing
students’ support by providing financial assistance in order to stop students
from dropping out. A very humanitarian action. Would it be possible for such a
large number without allocating more budgets more than 1.25 – 2 plus %?

3.    School
shall introduce more students’ centered pedagogies. Very nice action. How is it
possible to do it in the current system of education which is exam centered
& result based and does not take care of other aspects? Uniform timetable
for activities would be needed .How is it possible in existing time frame of
timetable?

4.    Career counseling at Secondary & Higher Secondary Schools according to the
aptitudes of students in order to save them from psychological distress. This
action if taken would be a positive improvement. We don’t such development and
I think it would be a fantasy.

5.    Schooling
would be made attractive by adding community service programmes. If implemented
would provide better environment. May ALLAH give us power to fulfill such commitment?

6.    Grade
11 & 12 would not be a part college and would merge into the school level
forming part of school education. The citizens would get a little bit higher
education at their doorsteps. It is the need of the hour. A very nice
suggestion if implemented.

7.    Ranking
of schools on the basis of result outcomes. This would encourage unfair means
for competition. This should be rather based on learning outcomes plus other
co-curricular activities keeping in view the provided facilities. I think it
would be very difficult task. Would we be able to provide facilities to all
schools on the same footings?  Who would
decide the standards keeping in view the ground realities?

8. National
   Merit Programme would be introduced to award bright students. Nice action
   for motivation. Would it be realised? It is another question mark in this
   policy.

Keeping
in view the in the previous education policies, it is necessary to know the challenges
in this field, understand the ground reality and suggest measures for improvement.

Key Challenges in Secondary
Education in Pakistan

1. Access (enrolment, institutions)


2. Regional differences


3. Financing (share
   of budget)


4. Quality (content
   of curriculum, choice of subjects, teachers, pass rates)


5. Ongoing reforms
   and future reform areas

Current
Situation of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education (Facts
& Figures)

(Report Card: Literacy in
Pakistan)

PSLM (2006-07) - Statistics Division, GoP

Overall, 45% population (10+) is illiterate, and

58% Women cannot read and write

70% Rural women are illiterate

76% Rural women in NWFP (KP) are illiterate

84% Rural women in Sind cannot read and write

85% Rural women in Baluchistan are illiterate

Disparities:

80% literacy among males in urban Sind vs. 15%
literacy among females in rural Baluchistan

PSLM (2005-06) -Statistics Division, GoP

32 districts with literacy rate below 40%

56 districts with more than 70% illiterate women

Source: Provincial Comparison of Rural Female Literacy
(Statistical Survey 2006-07)

 

Statistical
Survey 2006-07

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                      

 

Asian Map

 

Human  Development

 

Strategy for Pakistan

Pre-conditions
for Success of Literacy Programmes

1. Vision:




1. Literacy programmes based on an agenda of
   social change  including
   functional literacy/income generation skills – learners cannot be
   attracted just for alphabets-” Literacy for a cause”


2. Including post-literacy and continuing education: beyond basic literacy- mainstreaming
   neo-literates and NFBE pass outs with formal education  - continuing education


3. Leadership: literacy movement demands leadership, not merely the funds




2. Organizational structure: expertise for training, material development,
   research & evaluation


3. Consistent policy and approach

A
Strategy for Pakistan

1. A vision: a
   national framework developed: consistent policy on adult literacy (Legislation, Parliament
   Resolution, strengthening provisions for Adult Literacy and NFBE in new
   National Education Policy)


2. A
   commitment: political
   leadership - Ministers, Parliamentarians, and political parties support
   and lead literacy programmes at various levels


3. Partnerships: joint Federal and Provincial agreements/
   coordination/monitoring structures and processes


4. Guaranteed
   Financial Resources:
   Consistent flow of financial resources – x % of education budget (?) –
   matching grants to provinces


5. Clear Roles
   and Responsibilities:
   Clearly spelling out role and responsibilities of Federal Govt., Provincial
   Govts., and District Govts.


6. A strong
   Professional base: An
   Institute or Resource Centre for technical tasks like training, material
   development, research etc.

Focused Approach

1. Priority:




1. Out of School Youth (10-25)


2. Female Literacy programmes

2. Modalities:




1. NFBE: Non-formal Basic Education Centers for 6-15 years out of school
   children and youth


2. Post Literacy: Making literacy meaningful, post literacy phase to be added,
   mobile libraries, reading rooms etc.


3. ECE: Linking female literacy or Mother’s Literacy  with Early Childhood Education

LIFE:
UNESCO support for Literacy

1. LIFE (Literacy Initiative for Empowerment) launched by
   UNESCO in 36 countries- with literacy rate below 50% or illiterate
   population above 10 million


2. Country
   Action Plan for Literacy: Pakistan has committed for LIFE - including launching of a
   national literacy programme


3. Technical
   Assistance: UNESCO is
   providing support to Pakistan for formulation of a policy on literacy and
   capacity development

A
basis for success!

1. Rich experience! Not
   from zero!


2. A National Literacy Curriculum (2007), approved and launched by the Ministry of Education


3. Literacy materials:
   Literacy primers and post literacy readers produced by NCHD, Institute of
   Mass Education (AIOU), MoE, UNESCO, and NGOs


4. Trained human resources available with NCHD, National Education Foundation, provincial
   Directorates of Literacy and NFE, and NGOs


5. A Joint UN Programme in Education (2009-10): Literacy and NFBE as part of the 2-year programme of cooperation agreed
   between UN and Govt. of Pakistan


6. Policy comment through legislation a must for sustainability and institutionalization of literacy
   programmes

What
is missing?

1. Proper allocation of budget


2. A consistent policy and leadership


3. Commitment for achieving goals & fulfilment
   of promises

To succeed in formulating a clear strategy and
mobilization, strong leadership for Literacy with consistency in policies is
essential.

References:

1.     
National Education
Policy 1998-2010, p-37

2.      Constitution
of Pakistan 1973, Article 37-B

3.     
Draft of National
Education Policy 2009

4.      PSLM (2006-7)- statistical
Division Government of Pakistan

5.      PSLM (2005-6)- statistical
Division Government of Pakistan

6.      Provincial Comparison of Rural Female Literacy, Statistical Survey
2006-07

7.      Census
Reports and projections for 2006-07

8.      Education For All
Development Index (EDI) for 129 countries- GMR 2009

9.      Economic Survey (2002-2003)
– Finance Division – Government of Pakistan, Page 167, Table 11.5 and Economic
Survey of Pakistan 2005-06, and EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008, 2009, and
other related documents of Govt. of Pakistan

10.  Human Development Report
2007-08 and UNESCO EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009

11.  PRSP II, page 316