Information Required for Educational Planning

KEY
WORDS; What is the
purpose of language? Characteristics
of better speaking, How to improve speaking in class room? Teaching Pronunciation, Fluency & accuracy oriented approach,
accuracy-oriented approach,

The
general purpose of speaking

Introduction

Why teaching speaking is so
difficult? What are the ways to improve spoken language skills in schools, what
are the vital parts of communicative competence? Compared to teaching listening
skills, different techniques have been developed for the improvement of oral
communication. In this digital age with the help of new AV aids devices such as
computer systems, multimedia, virtual computer software speaking programs and
voice chat rooms; where people try to improve their language skills across the
world.



One approach of teaching speaking English is, that the learner can understand
no matter how incorrect his language, while the other view insists on
correctness of language ranging from grammar to pronunciation. This view is
known as the fluency-oriented approach. The fluency-oriented approach believes
that spoken skills are developed through meaningful communication.

What
is the purpose of language?

·        
The primary purpose of language is to
communicate

·        
To express desires and needs

·        
Show personality by speaking (analyze the
personality by speech) 

·        
Speech enable a person to move in society

Characteristics
of better speaking

·        
Fluency

·        
Accuracy

·        
proper stress on words

·        
use of proper vocabulary

·        
word order

·        
correct grammar

How
to improve speaking in class room

Guessing
Activities

 Mime (mimic): The
teacher calls a student to the front and gives him a sentence, written on a
piece of paper, that describes an activity.

The student mime (mimic) the
activity, e.g., climbing a ladder. The other students try to guess the
situation by asking questions

Information gap activities encourage learners to share
information. In such

activities, one student can ask questions, the other
student answers the questions

 

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teaching of English

Dialogues

Dialogues is another way of
encouraging students to communicate in the class room

Dialogues
give students an opportunity to use their imaginations to project themselves
into new situations

Role play(Drama)

*Role
play OR Drama gives chance to students to create a real life situation.
*Increase the interest of students in classroom activities and speaking

Language Ladders

Language Ladders

grouped around a central concept

“Good-by” --- See you later
---Have a good day ---So long

Discussions

Select a topic that students
like, one student talk at a time then other can add. Make sure everybody
participate 

Songs
or poems

Reading of poems in class,
they hold strong appeal for children and are often memorized.

Storytelling

Storytelling involves the whole class in speaking
activities.

The teacher directs the activity by asking questions like

The city of story

Who will be in the story?

What is the main theme of the story?

Teaching Pronunciation

Include pronunciation as an integral part of teaching
English from the beginning

-What words and sentence need stressed in the language

Pronounce the ending of each word.

Pay special attention to 'S' & 'ED' endings.

Loud reading in class by students

Fluency
& accuracy oriented approach

One view is that the speech
is successful if the learner can communicate his thoughts to others; no matter
how incorrect the language is, while another view insists on correctness of
language, from grammar to pronunciation.

fluency-oriented
approach

From this viewpoint, small
grammatical or pronunciation errors are insignificant, especially in the early
learning stages.

As a matter of fact it could
be harmful rather than useful. hindering the natural acquisition of spoken
skills

The fluency-oriented
approach believes that spoken skills are developed with meaningful
communication Naturally. many EFL teachers support it. 

The other is that the least
amount of correction should be given, otherwise communication itself is
hampered.

Errors are regarded as
expected by-products observed in the natural process of development

The fluency-oriented
approach, however, is not free of weaknesses. the most crucial is fossilization,
errors that have become a permanent part in the way a learner speaks (Nation
1989)

Fossilized errors prevent
the learner from bettering fluency, as higher accuracy is required for
improving fluency in each level

accuracy-oriented
approach

Stress on accuracy by
pursuing mainly grammatical correctness. 

focus on repetition of newly
introduced forms or grammatical structures

Learners are provided an
opportunity to correct errors

 It is true that correction of errors that are
provided unintentionally May discourage learners from speaking (fear of error)

But it enables learners to
make sure where exactly the problem lies in their speech